What is a cystoscopy?
Cystoscopy is a procedure to examine your bladder and urethra using a cystoscope, a thin tube with a camera and light.
This diagnostic and therapeutic procedure allows the examination of the bladder and urethra using either flexible or rigid cystoscopes, with each type tailored to specific needs and anaesthesia requirements. The procedure is essential for diagnosing various urinary tract issues and conditions, including infections, stones, and bladder cancer, and allows for immediate treatment options such as tumour removal and biopsy collection.
Proper preparation and post-procedure care are critical for a successful cystoscopy experience, including following medical advice regarding fasting, medication, and hydration to minimise complications and promote recovery.
Types of cystoscopies
Cystoscopy can be performed using either a flexible or rigid cystoscope. Both procedures have their certain uses and benefits, dependent on patient’s needs.
Flexible cystoscopy
Flexible cystoscopy is a less invasive procedure that uses a bendable cystoscope equipped with optics, light, and a camera to examine the bladder. This type of cystoscopy is usually performed under local anaesthesia, allowing patients to remain awake during the procedure while minimising discomfort.
Patients undergoing flexible cystoscopy can expect to have the cystoscope inserted through the urethra to visualise the bladder and urethra. This method is particularly useful for diagnosing various bladder problems, including infections, stones, and abnormal tissues.
This outpatient procedure is typically quick, and patients can go home immediately.
Rigid cystoscopy
Rigid cystoscopy uses a straight, hard tube to examine the bladder and is generally performed under general anaesthesia. This type of cystoscopy is often chosen for more complex procedures, such as taking biopsies or removing small tumours from the bladder lining.
During a rigid cystoscopy, the equipment, which includes a light and camera, provides a stable and precise view of the bladder wall. This method is particularly effective for procedures that require greater control and accuracy.
Why you might need a cystoscopy
Cystoscopy is often necessary to investigate unexplained urinary symptoms or persistent issues that other tests have not resolved. The procedure might also involve taking a biopsy, if necessary, to help diagnose the underlying cause of bladder problems.
Diagnosing urinary tract problems
Cystoscopy is a valuable tool for diagnosing various conditions related to the bladder and urethra. It can identify issues such as urinary tract infections, bladder stones, and abnormalities that contribute to persistent urinary tract problems. Symptoms leading to a cystoscopy often include chronic pelvic pain, blood in the urine, difficult or painful urination, and frequent urinary tract infections.
A cystoscope allows doctors to diagnose conditions such as overactive bladder, urinary incontinence, interstitial cystitis, and urinary blockages due to an enlarged prostate gland. This detailed examination helps in developing an effective treatment plan tailored to the patient’s specific needs.
Detecting bladder cancer
Cystoscopy plays a crucial role in diagnosing bladder cancer by allowing direct visualisation of the bladder lining and taking biopsies of suspicious areas. During the procedure, small forceps can be used to obtain bladder tissue samples, which are then examined for cancer cells. In some cases, blue light cystoscopy, which uses a fluorescent dye to highlight cancerous tissues, may be employed to enhance detection.
After the cystoscopy, your consultant will discuss any observed changes in the bladder and may schedule a follow-up appointment to go over the biopsy results and potential next steps. Early detection through cystoscopy can significantly improve treatment outcomes for bladder cancer patients.
Treating bladder conditions
Cystoscopy is not only diagnostic but also therapeutic. It can be used to treat various bladder conditions, such as removing small malignant tumours, stopping bleeding, and resolving blockages in the urethra. One common procedure performed during rigid cystoscopy is the transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT), which involves removing tumours from the bladder.
By directly addressing the issues found during the examination, cystoscopy helps in managing and alleviating bladder problems effectively.
Hospital fee guide price: £1,224*
More about pricingBefore the procedure
Before deciding if a cystoscopy is suitable for you, it’s essential to schedule an appointment with a consultant urologist. This initial consultation will allow them to evaluate your symptoms, review your medical history, and address any concerns you may have.
Preparing for a cystoscopy involves several important steps to ensure a smooth and successful procedure. Your doctor or nurse will discuss the type of cystoscopy being conducted and provide specific instructions. You might need to fast for several hours and avoid emptying your bladder before arrival for a potential urine test.
Additionally, inform your consultant about all medications, vitamins, herbs, and supplements you are taking, as you might need to stop certain blood-thinning medicines, including aspirin, before the procedure. This preparation helps prevent infections and ensures accurate test results.
During the procedure
During your cystoscopy, a local anaesthetic gel will be applied to numb your urethra before the cystoscope is inserted. You will typically lie on your back with your feet in stirrups, and the procedure can last between 5 to 30 minutes, depending on the type of cystoscopy being performed. The cystoscope will send images to a monitor, and saline solution is infused to enhance the visibility of your bladder wall.
Your urologist may perform biopsies of abnormal areas or remove foreign objects from your bladder during the procedure. This detailed examination allows for accurate diagnosis and immediate treatment of certain conditions.
Advanced imaging techniques
Advanced imaging techniques such as Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) and Photodynamic Diagnosis (PDD) significantly enhance the effectiveness of cystoscopy. NBI uses specific wavelengths of light to highlight blood vessels and improve tumour visibility, while PDD involves a fluorescent dye that accumulates in cancer cells, making them easier to detect under special lighting.
These techniques provide clearer and more detailed images, aiding in more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
After the procedure
After a cystoscopy, most patients can resume their daily routine. Common side effects include mild pain or burning when urinating, blood in the urine, or difficulties passing urine, which usually subside within a few days. Cystoscopy is generally viewed as a procedure with minimal risks.
Immediate post-procedure care
Monitoring your vital signs, such as blood pressure, and ensuring you can pass urine before leaving the facility are crucial steps after undergoing a cystoscopy. Drinking about 2 litres of fluid in the first 24-48 hours will help flush your bladder and prevent infections.
You might experience some bleeding or a burning sensation while urinating, which should be closely monitored. Proper post-procedure care is essential for a safe recovery.
Long-term recovery
Long-term recovery after a cystoscopy is generally mild, with most patients experiencing side effects such as belly pain, blood-tinged urine, and frequent urges to urinate for a day or two. These symptoms typically improve with time and proper self-care. Resting and avoiding strenuous activities are recommended during the recovery period.
If you experience persistent symptoms such as burning, blood in urine, or a high fever, it is important to seek immediate medical consultation. Following the discharge instructions provided by your healthcare provider, including taking prescribed medications and maintaining good hydration, can aid in a smooth recovery.
Possible risks and complications
While cystoscopy is generally safe, there are possible risks and complications associated with the procedure. One of the minor risks includes developing a urinary tract infection (UTI). Patients might also experience difficulty in urinating due to swelling in the bladder and urethra after the procedure.
In rare cases, the bladder might sustain damage during cystoscopy, leading to potential bleeding in urine. If you experience severe discomfort, blood clots, or other concerning symptoms, it is crucial to follow up with your healthcare provider immediately. Being aware of these risks helps in early detection and management of any complications.
Getting your results
Results from a cystoscopy typically arrive within 1 to 2 weeks. If a biopsy was performed, you might have to wait a bit longer for those results to come in. After the procedure, your doctor will usually discuss any immediate findings and inform you about any observed changes in your bladder that could be causing symptoms.
If any abnormalities are found, your doctor will discuss the next steps and potential treatment options with you. Depending on the findings, you might need a follow-up appointment to go over the results in detail and plan further actions if necessary.
Appointment and Treatment Plan
Appointment
Based on your previous consultation with a doctor, an appointment will be arranged between you and your consultant.
Treatment plan
During this appointment, you’ll go through your medical history, your symptoms, and together, you’ll decide whether further investigation, such as cystoscopy is the best next step.
Preparation
If cystoscopy is an option, then the specialist will provide you with instructions on how to best prepare for your procedure.
Procedure
Prior to going through the cystoscopy, our team will ensure that you’re prepped once again. If everything is confirmed, you’ll undergo the procedure and then we’ll explain the aftercare instructions.
Aftercare
If necessary, you’ll stay in a ward for a while to ensure that you’re ready to go home after the procedure.
Follow-Up
You’ll come in to meet your doctor, discuss your results and agree on further steps.
Experts
We are proud to provide patients with access to a wide range of clinicians, chosen specifically for their knowledge and reputation in their area of expertise. Our experts align with our values: putting you at the centre of your care and educating you on your options at each step of the journey. We encourage you to learn more about our clinicians and how they can help you below. As always, please contact our patient services team if you require any additional information.
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Pricing
Hospital fee guide price: £1,224
Procedure price subject to bespoke quotation.
Additional consultant fee not included.
FAQs
Cystoscopy is a procedure that allows doctors to examine the inside of your bladder and urethra using a thin tube equipped with a camera and light, known as a cystoscope. The primary goal is to diagnose and treat conditions affecting these areas, providing a clear view that other diagnostic tools might not offer. During the procedure, the cystoscope is gently inserted into your urethra and advanced into the bladder.
Cystoscopes are primarily of two types. These include flexible and rigid cystoscopes. Flexible cystoscopy uses a bendable tube, making it less invasive and typically performed under local anaesthetic. On the other hand, rigid cystoscopy involves a straight tube and is usually done under general or spinal anaesthesia, often used for more precise interventions.
Cystoscopy is often advised for symptoms such as chronic pelvic pain, blood in the urine, painful or difficult urination, and frequent urinary tract infections. It is essential to consult a healthcare provider for appropriate evaluation and management.
A cystoscopy can diagnose or treat conditions such as overactive bladder, urinary incontinence, interstitial cystitis, bladder stones, urinary blockage from an enlarged prostate, and bladder diseases including bladder cancer. It serves as an essential tool for uncovering various urinary tract issues.
A cystoscopy is performed by inserting a flexible, telescopic camera called a cystoscope into the bladder through the urethra, typically under local anaesthetic or sedation. This allows for visualisation of the bladder’s interior.
Before the cystoscopy, you will undergo initial steps such as urine sample collection and urine samples, which is essential for testing urinary tract infections. Vital signs, including weight, temperature, and blood pressure, will also be measured to ensure your readiness for the procedure. If you will receive sedation or anaesthesia, it is important to arrange for someone to drive you home afterward due to potential drowsiness. Just before the procedure, a nurse will ask you to empty your bladder and prepare you for the cystoscopy, ensuring all steps are in place for a successful examination.
A cystoscopy procedure generally lasts between 10 to 20 minutes. This brief duration allows for efficient examination of the bladder and urethra.